Nitrogen modification of highly porous carbon for improved supercapacitor performance

Nitrogen is added to porous carbon, in both the bulk network as heteroatoms and coatedon the surface of the pores, to increase the capacitance of electrodes for supercapacitor applications. Surface modification increases the amount of nitrogen by four times when compared to unmodified carbon that only contains nitrogen in the bulk. Pyrolysis of themodified carbon at a lower temperature also retains up to three times more nitrogen than high temperature pyrolysis. The surface modification dramatically improves the wetting behavior of the porous carbon and produces a capacitance that is nearly twice that of the unmodified carbon through a combination of double-layer formation and pseudocapacitive reactions.